星期四

Cancer type

Cancer type Anal Bile duct Bladder Bone Bone, secondary Bowel (colon & rectum) Brain
Brain, secondary Breast Breast, secondary Cervix Children's cancers Endocrine
Eye Gall bladder Gullet (oesophagus) Head & neck Kaposi's sarcoma Kidney Larynx
Leukaemia Leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic Leukaemia, acute myeloid Leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia, chronic myeloid Liver Liver, secondary Lung Lung, secondary
Lymph nodes, secondary Lymphoma Lymphoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin Melanoma Mesothelioma Myeloma Neuroendocrine Ovary Pancreas Penis Prostate Pseudomyxoma peritonei Skin Soft tissue sarcomas Spinal cord Stomach Testes
Thymus Thyroid Trachea (windpipe) Unknown primary

星期三

Urinary Retention

On this page:
What is the urinary tract?
What causes urinary retention?
What are the symptoms of urinary retention?
How is urinary retention diagnosed?
How is urinary retention treated?
What are the complications of urinary retention?
What are the complications of treatments for urinary retention?
Hope through Research

Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder. With chronic urinary retention, you may be able to urinate, but you have trouble starting a stream or emptying your bladder completely. You may urinate frequently; you may feel an urgent need to urinate but have little success when you get to the toilet; or you may feel you still have to go after you’ve finished urinating. With acute urinary retention, you can’t urinate at all, even though you have a full bladder. Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency requiring prompt action. Chronic urinary retention may not seem life threatening, but it can lead to serious problems and should also receive attention from a health professional.
Male and female urinary tracts.
Anyone can experience urinary retention, but it is most common in men in their fifties and sixties because of prostate enlargement. A woman may experience urinary retention if her bladder sags or moves out of the normal position, a condition called cystocele. The bladder can also sag or be pulled out of position by a sagging of the lower part of the colon, a condition called rectocele. Some people have urinary retention from rectoceles. People of all ages and both sexes can have nerve disease or nerve damage that interferes with bladder function.
What is the urinary tract?
The urinary tract consists of the organs, tubes, and muscles that work together to make, move, store, and release urine. The upper urinary tract includes the kidneys, which filter wastes and extra fluid from the blood, and the ureters, which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The lower urinary tract includes the bladder, a balloon-shaped muscle that stores urine, and the urethra, a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination. If the urinary system is healthy, the bladder can hold up to 16 ounces—2 cups—of urine comfortably for 2 to 5 hours.
Muscles called sphincters squeeze shut the tubes from the bladder to help keep urine from leaking. The sphincter muscles close tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder, which leads into the urethra.
Nerves in the bladder tell you when it is time to urinate. As the bladder first fills with urine, you may notice a feeling that you need to go. The sensation to urinate becomes stronger as the bladder continues to fill. As it reaches its limit, nerves from the bladder send a message to the brain that the bladder is full and the urge to empty your bladder intensifies.
When you urinate, the brain signals the bladder muscle to tighten, squeezing urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax. As these muscles relax, urine exits the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs.

What causes urinary retention?
Urinary retention can be caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract or by nerve problems that interfere with signals between the brain and the bladder. If the nerves aren’t working properly, the brain may not get the message that the bladder is full. Even if you know that your bladder is full, the bladder muscle that squeezes urine out may not get the signal that it is time to push, or the sphincter muscles may not get the signal that it is time to relax. A weak bladder muscle can also cause retention.
Nerve Disease or Spinal Cord Injury
Many events or conditions can damage nerves and nerve pathways. Some of the most common causes are
vaginal childbirth
infections of the brain or spinal cord
diabetes
stroke
accidents that injure the brain or spinal cord
multiple sclerosis
heavy metal poisoning
pelvic injury or trauma
In addition, some children are born with nerve problems that can keep the bladder from releasing urine.
Prostate Enlargement: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
As a man ages, his prostate gland may enlarge. Doctors call the condition benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or benign prostatic hypertrophy.
As the prostate enlarges, the layer of tissue surrounding it stops it from expanding, causing the gland to press against the urethra like a clamp on a garden hose. As a result, the bladder wall becomes thicker and irritable. The bladder begins to contract even when it contains small amounts of urine, causing more frequent urination. Eventually, the bladder weakens and loses the ability to empty itself, so urine remains in the bladder.
Infection
Infections cause swelling and irritation, or inflammation. A urinary tract infection (UTI) may cause retention if the urethra becomes inflamed and swells shut.
Surgery
During surgery, anesthesia is often administered to block pain signals, and fluid is given intravenously to compensate for possible blood loss. The combination may result in a full bladder with impaired nerve function. Consequently, many patients have urinary retention after surgery.
Medication
Many medicines work by calming overactive nerve signals. Various classes of drugs that block various signals may be used to treat allergies, stomach cramps, muscle spasms, anxiety, or depression. Some medicines are used to treat urinary incontinence and overactive bladder. The drugs that may cause urinary retention include
antihistamines to treat allergies
fexofenadine (Allegra)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)
cetirizine (Zyrtec)
anticholinergics/antispasmodics to treat stomach cramps, muscle spasms, and urinary incontinence
hyoscyamine (Levbid, Cystospaz, Anaspaz, Gastrosed)
oxybutynin (Ditropan, Ditropan XL, Oxytrol)
tolterodine (Detrol, Detrol LA)
propantheline (Pro-Banthine)
tricyclic antidepressants to treat anxiety and depression
imipramine (Tofranil)
amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor)
doxepin (Novo-Doxepin, Sinequan)
Bladder Stone
A stone formed anywhere in the urinary tract may become lodged in the bladder. If the stone is large enough, it can block the opening to the urethra like a bathtub plug.
Cystocele and Rectocele
A cystocele occurs when the wall between a woman’s bladder and her vagina weakens and allows the bladder to droop into the vagina. The abnormal position of the bladder may cause urine to remain trapped. In a rectocele, the rectum droops into the back wall of the vagina. Cystocele and rectocele are often the results of a dropping of the pelvic support floor for the bladder. This sagging can pull the bladder out of position and cause urinary problems such as incontinence or urinary retention.
Constipation
A hard stool in the rectum may push against the bladder and urethra, causing the urethra to be pinched shut, especially if a rectocele is present.
Urethral Stricture
A stricture is a narrowing or closure of a tube. Men may have a narrowing of the urethra, usually caused by scarring after a trauma to the penis. Infection is a less common cause of scarring and closure in the urethra.

What are the symptoms of urinary retention?
Acute urinary retention causes great discomfort, and even pain. You feel an urgent need to urinate but you simply can’t. The lower belly is bloated.
Chronic urinary retention, by comparison, causes mild but constant discomfort. You have difficulty starting a stream of urine. Once started, the flow is weak. You may need to go frequently, and once you finish, you still feel the need to urinate. You may dribble between trips to the toilet because your bladder is constantly full, a condition called overflow incontinence.

How is urinary retention diagnosed?
Your doctor will order a number of tests to diagnose your condition.
History of Complaints and Physical Examination
A physician will suspect urinary retention by your symptoms and will attempt to confirm the diagnosis with a physical examination of the lower abdomen. The physician may be able to feel the distended bladder by lightly tapping on your lower belly. Tapping or striking for diagnostic purposes is called percussing.
Urine Sample
A urine sample will be examined for signs of infection, which may be a cause or a result of urinary retention.
Bladder Scan
A bladder scan uses a portable ultrasound device that can determine how much urine is in your bladder. You will be asked to urinate, and then your doctor or nurse will use the bladder scan to determine the post-void residual (PVR). The word residual refers to the amount of urine left in the bladder after urination. If you typically have a PVR of 100 milliliters or more, you are considered to have chronic urinary retention.
Cystoscopy
Your doctor may use a cystoscope to see inside your bladder and urethra. The cystoscope has lenses like a telescope or microscope. These lenses let the doctor focus on the inner surfaces of the urinary tract.
Some cystoscopes use optical fibers made of flexible glass that carry an image from the tip of the instrument to a viewing piece at the other end. The fiber-optic cystoscope is as thin as a pencil and has a light at the tip. The doctor can use the cystoscope to find and perhaps remove a stone that may be blocking the bladder opening. The device can help the doctor identify narrowing of the urethra from prostate enlargement or UTI.
X Ray and Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
A conventional x ray may show a spot where the urinary tract is narrowed or obstructed. It may show that the bladder is out of its normal position. CT scans use multiple x-ray images to construct a better view of internal organs, which may help find stones or other obstructions.
Blood Test for Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA)
Men may be given a blood test to measure their PSA, a substance in the blood that may indicate prostate cancer or other prostate problems. A high PSA score may prompt further tests, such as a transrectal ultrasound, with or without biopsy of the prostate.
Prostate Fluid Sample
The doctor may ask for a prostate fluid sample to check for prostatitis—inflammation of the prostate—a condition that can cause the prostate to swell and pinch the urethra. The doctor will obtain the sample by inserting a gloved finger into the rectum and massaging the prostate until fluid drains through the urethra. A doctor will not massage a prostate for prostatic fluid if urinary retention is suspected as the primary diagnosis. Only when urinary retention is ruled out would the doctor do this test.
Urodynamic Tests
Urodynamic tests include different techniques to measure the bladder’s ability to empty steadily and completely. In a pressure flow study, you will be asked to empty your bladder so that a special catheter can measure the pressure required to start a stream. This pressure flow study helps to identify bladder outlet obstruction from prostate enlargement or cystocele.
If your doctor or nurse thinks your urinary problem is related to nerve damage, you may be given an electromyography. This test measures the muscle activity in the urethral sphincter using sensors placed on the skin near the urethra and rectum. Sometimes the sensors are on the urethral or rectal catheter. A catheter is a thin, flexible tube that can be guided into openings of the body. Muscle activity is recorded on a machine. The patterns of the impulses will show whether the messages sent to the bladder and urethra are coordinated correctly.
[Top]
How is urinary retention treated?
Catheterization
With acute urinary retention, treatment begins with the insertion of a catheter through the urethra to drain the bladder. This initial treatment relieves the immediate distress of a full bladder and prevents permanent bladder damage. Long-term treatment for any case of urinary retention depends on the cause.
The cause of acute urinary retention may be temporary. For example, if you have retention after surgery, you will probably regain your ability to urinate after the effects of the anesthesia wear off. In such cases, you may need to have a catheter inserted once or twice with no other treatment required after you have shown you can urinate on your own.
If you have chronic urinary retention, or if acute retention appears to become chronic, further treatment will be necessary. You may need to continue using a catheter if other options do not work for you. You may be taught to catheterize yourself as needed. You will need to learn sterile technique to avoid UTIs.
Treatments to Relieve Prostate Enlargement
The treatments for prostate enlargement range from medication to surgery. For more information, see the fact sheet Prostate Enlargement: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia from the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse.
Surgery for Women with Cystocele or Rectocele
Women may need surgery to lift a fallen bladder or rectum. The most common procedure for cystocele and rectocele repair is for the surgeon to make an incision in the wall of the vagina to find the defect or hole in the membrane—a wall of tissue called fascia—that normally separates the vagina from the other pelvic organs. The surgeon places sutures in the fascia to close up the defect, then closes the incision in the vaginal wall with more stitches, removing any excess tissue. These suturing steps tighten the layers of tissue that separate the organs, creating more support for the pelvic organs.
Treatments for Men with Urethral Stricture
If a man is diagnosed with urethral stricture, a doctor can perform a procedure called dilation, in which increasingly wider tubes are inserted into the urethra to widen the stricture. An alternate method is to inflate a small balloon at the end of a catheter inside the urethra.
A surgeon can repair a stricture by performing an internal urethrotomy. The surgeon advances a catheter up to the stricture and uses a knife or laser to make an incision that opens the stricture.
Another treatment for urethral stricture in men is placement of a wire mesh tube, called a stent, to keep the passage open.

What are the complications of urinary retention?
Urinary Tract Infection
Urine is normally sterile, and the normal flow of urine usually prevents bacteria from growing in the urinary tract. When urine stays in the bladder, however, bacteria have a chance to grow and infect the urinary tract.
Bladder Damage
If the bladder becomes stretched too far or for long periods, the muscle may be permanently damaged and lose its ability to contract.
Chronic Kidney Disease
If urine backs up into the kidneys, permanent kidney damage can lead to reduced kidney function and chronic kidney disease. If you lose too much of your kidney function, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive.

What are the complications of treatments for urinary retention?
UTI from Catheter Use
Placement of a urinary catheter provides an opportunity for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Bacteria may come from the patient’s anus and perineum or from the health worker’s hands. Health workers must take great care, using sterile technique, when placing a catheter. If you are performing clean intermittent catheterization, you must follow the same sterile procedures every time you handle the catheter.
Incontinence and Erectile Dysfunction After Prostate Surgery
Transurethral surgery to treat an enlarged prostate may result in loss of bladder control or erection problems in some men. These problems are usually temporary. Most men recover their bladder control in a few weeks or months, and most recover their sexual function within 1 year after the operation.

Hope through Research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) has many research programs aimed at finding and improving treatments for urinary disorders. Researchers supported by the NIDDK are working to develop methods for preventing UTIs in patients who must use urinary catheters. One team of researchers is developing a catheter that gradually releases an antiseptic agent while it stays in the urinary tract. Another team is studying the use of benign bacteria on a catheter to inhibit the growth of disease-causing bacteria.
The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this document are used only because they are considered necessary in the context of the information provided. If a product is not mentioned, the omission does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory.

The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse collects resource information about kidney and urologic diseases for the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Reference Collection. This database provides titles, abstracts, and availability information for health information and health education resources. The NIDDK Reference Collection is a service of the National Institutes of Health.
You may view the results of the automatic search on urinary retention.
If you wish to perform your own search of the database, you may access and search the NIDDK Reference Collection database online.
This publication may contain information about medications used to treat a health condition. When this publication was prepared, the NIDDK included the most current information available. Occasionally, new information about medication is released. For updates or for questions about any medications, please contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration at 1–888–INFO–FDA (463–6332), a toll-free call, or visit their website at www.fda.gov. Consult your doctor for more information.

走出9大误区除粉刺

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
你知道吗, 粉刺其实也是痘痘的一部分,以前以为粉刺是正常现象,人人都有,原来粉刺和痘痘根本同源,同样需要治疗和日常的保养,治疗粉刺并不难,但先要摆脱错误观念!
错误1 粉刺不是青春痘。 粉刺当然是青春痘的一部分,而且有研究证明,更重要的是,粉刺同痘痘本是同源,而且粉刺极易引发痘痘的发生,如果只是想治好痘痘却不根除粉刺,简直是缘木求鱼。 Tips:必须双管齐下才能达到治疗粉刺和痘痘的效果。
★ 错误2 粉刺是正常现象。 粉刺具有极高发生率,但绝不是正常现象。虽然有88%的人都曾经受到过粉刺的困扰,但是,不重视粉刺的发生,就有可能出现青春痘在一夜之间全冒出来毁了你那完美约会的事情。 Tips:这可全要归咎于你平时对粉刺的听之任之。
★ 错误3 粉刺是因为油脂造成的,油脂溶解出来就好了。 粉刺不是单纯的由油脂造成的,而是由“油脂和角质”组成的。 Tips:所以如果把脸部问题都以油脂来做理由难免会有错误的推论。
★ 错误4 粉刺是脸没洗干净造成的, 黑头粉刺的黑就是明证。 粉刺形成有多方面的因素,最常见的原因是因为体质,和脸没洗干净并无关系。 Tips:黑头粉刺的黑是因为和空气接触氧化所形成的黑色,绝对不是脏,请不要为了洗面奶的行销而让粉刺背上“黑锅”。
★ 错误5 卸妆油可以去粉刺,勤洗脸就能解决。 刚才说到了粉刺的形成有许多因素,除了皮肤的表层问题,还有一些是内分泌形成的,单纯地使用卸装油或是洗面奶,无法从根本上解决问题。 Tips:做好皮肤的清洁当然很重要,但是最重要的还是要维持好皮肤的平衡问题。
★ 错误6 勤敷面膜或去角质就可解决粉刺问题。 毛囊里的油脂和角质往往根本是盘根错节地纠结在一起,就算油脂能溶出来,或是去除了表面的角质,从皮脂腺分泌出来的油脂很快又和毛囊内深层的角质不可分家,从而使粉刺再度形成! Tips:请不要以为单纯地使用一种方法就能解决顽固的粉刺和青春痘。

★ 错误7 挤出来、拔出来、或是吸出来才能解决粉刺。 有很多人喜欢到美容院或是自己在家中用粉刺棒来挤出脸上的粉刺,但以上的这些方法,只能让你心情好几天,因为这些都是暂时的,没多久,你就会在原来地方看见粉刺“复活”的踪迹。 Tips:更加恐怖的是,如果你没有掌握好方法,很可能会在脸上留下永久的疤痕。
★ 错误8 认命吧!粉刺根本就没办法解决。 现代皮肤医学已经研发出较高浓度果酸、维生素A衍生外用药剂等等药品来根除粉刺,这些药品除了能避免毛囊口的死细胞因角化异常而阻塞毛囊口外,还能作用于毛囊周围的结缔组织让它恢复弹性,如此才能将扩大的毛孔回复原来的管径,以利皮脂的排出,阻止新的粉刺生成,也能将它彻底除去。 Tips:只是一般需要六周才看到效果,且须医生处方,所以许多人不是不了解(如果没去就医)、就是还没有看到效果就放弃,以为没办法解决这恼人的粉刺问题。
★ 错误9 治粉刺的药都很伤皮肤,不然就是有类固醇。 这是有些美容院为了留住客人的最常用手法。事实上,治疗青春痘的药除了可能会有点刺激或是脱皮外,几乎没有其他副作用,只要按照医生指示即可,而类固醇更是子虚乌有。 Tips:其实,如果是正规的药物完全可以通过查证来证实。

星期二

Understanding cancer terms and statistics

A cancer diagnosis often comes with a great deal of new information. As well as coping with the diagnosis there are a lot of new terms and statistics to understand. It is never easy.
In this section there are a number of question and answers to help you understand some of the terms that may be used.
It is fairly common for information about cancer to include statistics. Your doctors or nurses may use statistics, for example, to give you an idea how effective a treatment might be, or how likely you are to get a particular side effect from the treatment. Statistics can help us to make decisions about which treatments to have. However, unless your work involves dealing with statistics, you may have difficulty understanding what they mean.
Statistics is a way of presenting information in numbers. It is important to remember that statistics are usaully based on large numbers of people, who have taken part in cancer research trials. The statistics can't tell you what is going to happen for an individual person, although they can give you some idea and tell you what the 'chances are' of something happening, or not happening.
If you don't understand the statistics you have been given, ask your doctor or nurse to explain them again, possibly in a different way. You could also discuss them with one of the nurses on our cancer information service.
If you are looking for information about cancer statistics, Cancer Research UK have very detailed information about the incidence of cancer. All of their information about statistics is aimed at health professionals.

Why do cancers come back?

In some cases cancer can come back after treatment. It may come back in the same area in which it first started, this is known as a recurrence. This can happen because tiny cancer cells, that may have been left behind when the tumour was removed, or that weren't destroyed by treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have begun to divide again and form a tumour.
Or it may develop in a different part of the body, often referred to as a metastasis or secondary cancer. This can happen because a cancerous (malignant) tumour consists of cancer cells which have the ability to spread beyond the original site. If left untreated they may invade and destroy surrounding tissues. Sometimes cells break away from the original (primary) cancer and spread to other organs in the body by travelling in the bloodstream or lymphatic system. When these cells reach a new area of the body they may go on dividing and form a new tumour.

How is it treated?

How is it treated?
There are six main types of treatment for cancer and these are described below. It is fairly common for a combination of treatments to be used.
Active surveillance (or watchful waiting)
Some types of cancer grow very slowly and may cause no problems for many years. In this situation you may not need to have any treatment for some time, but your doctor will monitor you closely so that if the cancer does start to grow you can be given treatment at that time.
Surgery
An operation is done to remove the tumour. Surgery is often used if the cancer is only in one area of the body and has not spread. It may be used to remove lymph nodes if these are also affected by the cancer. It can sometimes be used to remove a cancer that has spread to another area of the body, but this is less common. The type of operation will depend on the area of the body affected by the cancer, and on the size and position of the tumour.
Radiotherapy
This is the use of high energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells, but cause as little harm as possible to normal cells. The radiotherapy is aimed at the affected area of the body and is very carefully planned. It can cause side effects and the most common is tiredness. The side effects will depend on the part of the body that is being treated.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. There are more than 50 different chemotherapy drugs. Some are given as tablets or capsules but most are given by drip (infusion) into a vein. The drugs go into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to treat the cancer cells wherever they are. Sometimes just one chemotherapy drug is used, but often a combination of two, three or more drugs is given.
Chemotherapy can cause side effects. The side effects will depend on which drug (or combination of drugs) is used. There are now very good ways of preventing or reducing the side effects of chemotherapy.
Hormonal therapy
Hormonal therapies work by altering the levels of particular hormones in the body. Some cancers depend on certain hormones in order to divide and grow. By altering the level of hormones in the body, or blocking the hormones from attaching to the cancer cells the cancer can be controlled.
Biological therapy
Biological therapies use substances that occur naturally in the body to destroy cancer cells. There are several types of biological therapy, including: monoclonal antibodies, cancer growth inhibitors, vaccines and gene therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are drugs that can 'recognise' and find specific cells in the body. They can be designed to find a particular type of cancer cell, attach itself to them and destroy them. They can also carry a radioactive molecule, which then delivers radiation directly to the cancer cells.
Cancer growth inhibitors interfere with the way cancer cells use 'chemical messengers' to help the cell to develop and divide.
Research is trying to see whether vaccines and gene therapy can be given to treat a cancer that has come back or has spread. Vaccines may also be able to reduce the chance of a cancer coming back, but this type of research is in the very early stages.
Cancerbackup has information on all the cancer treatments mentioned above and also on cancer research trials.

Who gets cancer?

Who gets cancer?
Each year more than a quarter of a million people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK, and 1 in 3 people will develop cancer during their lifetime. But cancer is not common in children or young people - it mainly occurs in the later years of life. Cancers can occur at any age, but the risk of developing cancer increases with age. 64% (64 in 100) of all newly diagnosed cancers occur in people aged 65 years or more. Less than 1% (1 in 100) of cancers are diagnosed in children, aged 0-14 years.
Some cancers are very common and others are very rare. The most recent statistics for the UK (from 2003) show that for men the most common cancer is prostate cancer (23%), followed by lung cancer (16%), large bowel cancer (14%) and bladder cancer (5%).
For women the figures are breast cancer (31%), large bowel cancer (11%), lung cancer (11%) and cancer of the ovary (5%).
Many people with cancer can be cured. Even if a cancer cannot be cured, it can often be controlled with treatment for months or years.
Cancerbackup has information on all the main types of cancer, and on some of the rarer cancers.

Signs and symptoms of cancer

Signs and symptoms of cancer
Cancer can often be managed more easily when it is diagnosed in the early stages. Being aware of your body and what is 'normal' for you, and reporting symptoms to your GP, can help to make sure that, if you do have cancer, it is diagnosed as early as possible.
There are some common signs and symptoms that may alert you to the fact that something is new or different. You should contact your doctor if you have any of the following:

●Lumps
●Coughing, breathlessness and hoarseness
●Changes in bowel habit
●Bleeding
●Moles
●Unexplained weight loss
●What to do if you have worrying symptoms
●References
◆Lumps
Knowing how your body normally looks and feels can help you spot any early changes that could be caused by cancer. You should see your GP if you notice a lump anywhere in your body. It can be useful to tell them how long it’s been there and whether it is getting bigger, or causes discomfort. Cancerous lumps are often (but not always) painless.
It can be difficult to tell what a lump is just by feeling it, but if your GP suspects that you might have a cancer, they will refer you to the appropriate specialist for further tests.
It is important to remember that lumps and bumps often occur in the body, and most of these will not be cancer.

◆Coughing, breathlessness and hoarseness
There are many medical conditions that can cause 'chesty' symptoms like coughing and breathlessness (for example, infections and inflammations), but in some cases these symptoms may be a sign of lung cancer. If you have a cough or feel breathless for more than two weeks you should see your GP. You should also tell your GP if you have any blood in your sputum (phlegm) when you cough.
Laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx) is common and can cause a hoarse voice. In a small number of people, a hoarse voice may be a sign of cancer of the larynx (voice box). If hoarseness continues for longer than two weeks, you should tell your GP.

◆Changes in bowel habit
Symptoms of bowel cancer may include blood in your stools (bowel motion). The blood would usually be dark but can be bright red in colour. Fresh, bright red blood is usually a sign of piles (haemorrhoids).
You may notice a change in your normal bowel pattern (such as diarrhoea or constipation) for no obvious reason. You might have a feeling of not having emptied your bowel properly after a bowel motion. Some people also notice that they have pain in the abdomen or back passage.
Remember that altered bowel habits aren't always caused by cancer, but can be caused by changes in diet, some medicines, anxiety, and other medical conditions. If any changes last for more than a few weeks it's important to rule out cancer as a possible cause, so you should see your GP.

◆Bleeding
Any unexplained bleeding is a sign that there is something wrong and should always be checked out by your GP.
As previously mentioned, bleeding from the back passage is most commonly caused by piles, but can sometimes be due to cancer of the bowel or rectum.
Cancer of the womb or cervix can cause women to bleed between periods or after sex. Women who have any vaginal bleeding after they have had their menopause should see their GP. If necessary your GP will refer you to a gynaecologist.
Blood in your urine may be caused by bladder or kidney cancer. It can also be caused by infection. If you notice blood in your urine it is important to see your GP for a check-up.
Coughing up blood in your sputum may be caused by serious chest infections, but can sometimes be a sign of lung cancer.
Vomiting blood can be a sign of stomach cancer, although it can also be due to a stomach ulcer. Therefore, it is important to have this checked out by your GP.
Bruising and nosebleeds are rarely signs of cancer, but can in some cases be caused by leukaemia. However, people with leukaemia often have other troublesome symptoms too.

◆Moles
Malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer that often starts with a change in the appearance of normal skin. This can look like an abnormal new mole. Less than a third of melanomas develop in existing moles. It can be difficult to tell the difference between a mole and a melanoma, but any of the following changes should be checked out:
Asymmetry Moles are usually regular and symmetrical in shape. Melanomas are likely to be irregular or asymmetrical.
Border Moles usually have a well-defined regular border. Melanomas are more likely to have an irregular border with jagged edges.
Colour Moles tend to be a single brown. Melanomas often have more than one colour. They may be varying shades of brown mixed with black, red, pink, white or a bluish tint.
Size Moles are normally no bigger than the blunt end of a pencil (about 6mm (½ inch) across). Melanomas are usually more than 7mm (½ inch) in diameter.
Itching, crusting or bleeding may also occur in melanomas – these are less common signs but should not be ignored.
It is important to see your GP if you have any unusual marks on the skin that last more than a few weeks, or an existing mole which shows any of the above signs. If necessary they will arrange for you to see a doctor who specialises in skin conditions (a dermatologist) or a surgeon.

◆Unexplained weight loss
If you have lost a lot of weight over a short period of time (a couple of months), that cannot be explained by changes in your diet, increased exercise or stress, it is important to tell your GP. Other symptoms, such as sickness, pain and fatigue also tend to occur when a person experiences weight loss due to cancer.

◆What to do if you have worrying symptoms
You usually begin by seeing your GP who will examine you, ask questions about your symptoms, and might ask you to have some tests, such as a blood test or x-ray.
If your GP suspects that you may have cancer, an urgent referral will be made to a specialist. There are guidelines produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) to help GPs identify when symptoms could be due to cancer or some other condition. An urgent referral usually means that the specialist will see you within two weeks. The specialist can carry out other investigations, such as a biopsy or various scans, to find the cause of your symptoms and plan any treatment necessary.
If your GP thinks your symptoms are not caused by cancer they may still refer you to a specialist for advice, but the referral is likely to be non-urgent and it will take longer for you to be seen.
Remember – in most cases, your symptoms will turn out to be caused by something other than cancer, but they can still be signs of illness and so you won't be wasting your doctor's time by getting them checked out.

◆References
This section has been complied using information from a number of reliable sources including;
Clinical Guidelines CG027: Referral for Suspected Cancer. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). June 2005.
Souhami and Tobias. Cancer and its Management (5th edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford. 2005.
Souhami et al. Oxford Textbook of Oncology (2nd edition). Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2002.
DeVita, Vincent T. et al. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology (6th edition). Lippincott. Philadelphia. 2001.
For further references, please see the general bibliography.

Types of cancer

Types of cancer
Carcinomas
The majority of cancers, about 85% (85 in a 100), are carcinomas. They start in the epithelium, which is the covering (or lining) of organs and of the body (the skin). The common forms of breast, lung, prostate and bowel cancer are all carcinomas.
Carcinomas are named after the type of epithelial cell that they started in and the part of the body that is affected. There are four different types of epithelial cells:
squamous cells - that line different parts of the body, such as the mouth, gullet (oesophagus), and the airways
adeno cells - form the lining of all the glands in the body and can be found in organs such as the stomach, ovaries, kidneys and prostate
transitional cells - are only found in the lining of the bladder and parts of the urinary system
basal cells - that are found in one of the layers of the skin.
A cancer that starts in squamous cells is called a squamous cell carcinoma. A cancer that starts in glandular cells is called an adenocarcinoma. Cancers that start in transitional cells are transitional cell carcinomas, and those that start in basal cells are basal cell carcinomas.
Leukaemias and lymphomas
These occur in the tissues where white blood cells (which fight infection in the body) are formed, i.e. the bone marrow and lymphatic system. Leukaemia and lymphoma are quite rare and make up about 6.5% (6.5 in 100) of all cancers.
Sarcomas
Sarcomas are very rare. They are a group of cancers that form in the connective or supportive tissues of the body such as muscle, bone and fatty tissue. They account for less than 1% (1 in 100) of cancers.
Sarcomas are split into two main types:
bone sarcomas - that are found in the bones
soft tissue sarcomas - that develop in the other supportive tissues of the body.
Others forms of cancer
Brain tumours and other very rare forms of cancer make up the remainder of cancers

What is cancer?



What is cancer?
The organs and tissues of the body are made up of tiny building blocks called cells. Cancer is a disease of these cells.
Cells in different parts of the body may look and work differently but most reproduce themselves in the same way. Cells are constantly becoming old and dying, and new cells are produced to replace them. Normally, cells divide in an orderly and controlled manner. If for some reason the process gets out of control, the cells carry on dividing, developing into a lump which is called a tumour.


Tumours can be either benign or malignant. Cancer is the name given to a malignant tumour. Doctors can tell if a tumour is benign or malignant by examining a small sample of cells under a microscope. This is called a biopsy.
In a benign tumour the cells do not spread to other parts of the body and so are not cancerous. However, if they continue to grow at the original site, they may cause a problem by pressing on the surrounding organs.
A malignant tumour consists of cancer cells that have the ability to spread beyond the original area. If the tumour is left untreated, it may spread into and destroy surrounding tissue. Sometimes cells break away from the original (primary) cancer. They may spread to other organs in the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system - the body's natural defence against infection and disease. It is a complex system made up of organs, such as bone marrow, the thymus, the spleen, and lymph nodes. The lymph nodes (or glands) throughout the body are connected by a network of tiny lymphatic ducts.
When the cancer cells reach a new area they may go on dividing and form a new tumour. This is known as a secondary cancer or metastasis.
It is important to realise that cancer is not a single disease with a single type of treatment. There are more than 200 different kinds of cancer, each with its own name and treatment

星期一

快速卸载“橘皮”

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
一、谁有“橘皮”?
  ●站直后,用拇指和食指轻轻夹捏大腿内侧或外侧,如果看见表皮肌肤出现凹凸不平的情况,那你要注意了,这是橘皮脂肪的初期现象。
  ●站立着,将身体微微转动,如果看见大腿、臀部的肌肤表面出现膨松状,表示你已经有橘皮组织了。
  ●如果不需要转身或夹捏,就可以明显看见大腿肌肤表面的凹凸状,则表示橘皮组织已跟随你很久了。
  二、认识橘皮
  橘皮组织是一种独特的脂肪组织结构改变。
  当新陈代谢失调,脂肪组织体积增大,脂肪组织内的分子超出脂肪细胞间隙。结果形成皮下脂肪组织的微小结头,里面充满了容易积累毒素的淋巴液,而破坏了供血和体内垃圾的有效利用过程。这种凹凸不平的波纹,被称作“橘皮组织”或者叫“海绵组织”。
  当橘皮组织出现后,体态会出现比较明显的松弛和下垂,但不会有疼痛的感觉。腹部、臀部或大腿外侧是比较容易出现橘皮现象的部位。
  三、去除橘皮组织产品
  专门预防或去除橘皮组织的产品,含有可改善新陈代谢的成分,例如藻类、死海盐、咖啡因、脂肪分解酵母都是非常有效的去除橘皮组织的成分。

星期日

教你远离黑眼圈

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
黑眼圈的形成与以下因素有关:睡眠不足,疲劳过度,使眼睑得不到休息,处于紧张收缩状态,该部位的血流量长时间增加,引起眼圈皮下组织血管充盈,从而导致眼圈淤血,滞留下黯黑的阴影;肾气亏损,使两眼缺少精气的滋润,使黑色浮于上,因此眼圈发黑;久病体弱或大病初愈的人,由于眼周围皮下组织薄弱,皮肤易发生色素沉着,并极易显露在上、下眼睑上,出现一层黑圈;月经不调的女性,如功能性子宫出血、原发性痛经、月经提前、错后、经期过长、经量过大等,均会出现黑眼圈。
  黑眼圈形成后应对症下药,请教医生,找出病因,及时治疗;要保持精神愉快,减少精神负担,生活有规律,节制烟酒,保障充足的睡眠,促使气血旺盛,容颜焕发;加强眼部的按摩,改善局部血液循环状态,减少淤血滞留;保持眼部皮肤的营养供应,涂含油分、水分充足的眼霜,使眼部皮肤及皮下组织充满活力;注意从饮食中吸取营养,多吃瘦肉、蛋类、豆制品、花生、黄豆、芝麻、新鲜蔬菜及水果等,富含脂肪、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素A及矿物质的食品。
  黑眼圈形成后,在家中,可以将马铃薯切片,贴在眼部,约4~5分钟;或者用纱布沾上茶叶在眼圈附近涂擦,以减轻黑眼圈。还可以到美容院中进行特殊的处理。

星期一

想要恢复白皙透明的肌肤,就需要持续的照顾与防晒了

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
皮肤的晒黑要变白, 需要时间,长短因人而异了,当然也跟每个人的年龄?肤质有关,年纪越大白回来的速度越慢;有些人的肤质天生就是不容易晒黑,就算晒得很透彻,最多晒红晒伤,也还是可以一下子就白回来;有些人则特别感光,就算在坐在室内,透过玻璃窗都会晒黑。想要恢复白皙透明的肌肤,就需要持续的照顾与防晒了!
  1.基础保养:每天的基础保养还是不可轻忽的,每天彻底将脸清洁干净,(包括:卸妆、洗脸),每周一次的去角质与敷脸,千万不要小看去角质、敷脸的功力哦!它可是可以加速皮肤的新陈代谢,让你快点白回来。
  如果您正在烦恼该买哪一种敷脸产品?提供您一个小偏方,酸奶敷脸,只要用化妆棉浸泡酸奶,然后贴在脸上10-15分钟即可,并且据说还可以增强皮肤对紫外线的抵抗力呢!
  2.多吃蔬菜、水果:多吃含有维生素C、E、β胡萝卜素的食物,都可以美化皮肤,让你快快白回来。很多人会误以为想要白回来与所吃进去的食物颜色有关,如果喝牛奶皮肤会变白,那么谁还敢喝咖啡?吃巧克力?或是吃含有酱油的食物呢?虽然牛奶是含有丰富的维生素A,但用喝的可能还不如用洗的来得快。
  此外,今年夏天非常流行的芒果冰,芒果虽然有丰富的β胡萝卜素,但也不能吃得太过度以免皮肤发黄(P.S.红萝卜、木瓜、柳橙,这类蔬果都是含有丰富的β胡萝卜素,吃多了也都具有同样会让皮肤发黄的效果)。
  另外,吃多了九层塔、香菜(芫荽)、韭菜、红豆也会让你的皮肤容易感光,容易晒黑或是晒出斑点。
  在此顺便提供您一个消暑又美白的甜汤,绿豆薏仁汤或是莲子薏仁汤反正要加薏仁就对了,薏仁对于皮肤美容特别有帮助。
  3.防晒:记得一定要在出门前15分钟擦上防晒乳液、防晒霜,而且要记得带出门,在户外一到两小时候一定要补擦,就算已经晒黑了也要防止它继续黑下去。不要以为坐在室内就不用防晒哦!地板、墙壁、玻璃都一样会反射紫外线的。
  4.多喝水:每天最少2000ml的水,保护皮肤,也保护你的肾。
  5.作息正常:尽可能的在晚上十一点以前就寝,就算做不到,也要勉强在十二点以前上床睡觉,因为错过了美容觉时间,要快快白回来就没那么容易了。

星期六

居家瑜珈瘦身六式

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
居家六式瑜珈瘦身操我们在这里介绍的是瑜珈的6个经典动作,平时在家里的地板上练一练,可以帮助你消除压力,保持一颗平静的心,让你更加灵活,平衡更好,也是保持瘦身的秘密武器。1、树姿势:  双脚并拢,以山的姿势开始,脚趾充分张开伸长,用你的前面大腿肌肉来带动在膝关节附近的肌肉。伸直你的脊骨,挺起胸和肩膀。双手合十做一个祷告姿势,拇指贴近胸部,肘部弯屈接近身体。然后左脚抬起,紧紧地贴在右腿内侧(必要的时候可以使用你的手来帮忙),保持平衡,你右腿一定要保持直立的姿势,坚持5次呼吸的时间。如果你的灵活性和柔软性比较差的话,可以把左脚放到小腿或脚关节的位置,你仿佛就像一棵树一样,扎根在地球上,深深地呼吸。2、新月状:   从树的姿势开始,左脚向后迈一大步,脚跟提起,腿伸直,弯屈你的右腿膝盖,前后成一条直线,手臂向上举,双手合拢,向下压肩膀和后背,保持5次的呼吸时间。    如果你认为瑜珈并不是真正的锻炼,那么来尝试一下这个动作!你的大腿会告诉你它的感觉的。3、武士状:   从新月状开始,将左脚放平,脚趾转30度,腿部仍然伸直,臀部转90度。右脚跟与左脚背保持一条线,膝盖保持在90度,臀部、身体和肩膀放松,居中,双臂平伸,与肩同高,手心向下。使劲伸你的指尖,好像去触墙。眼睛集中在右手的中指上,保持5次呼吸的时间。4、T形状:   从武士状姿势开始,把手放在臀部上,上身直着向前倾,抬起左脚,寻找平衡,然后上身完全向前,提起左腿直到身体和左腿平行。充分伸展左腿,从臀部到脚趾。保持臀部正直,脸朝向地板。双臂在身体两侧伸直,手心朝里面,保持5次呼吸的时间。如果这个动作对你来说难度太大,你在最初的时候可以把腿架在一把椅子上。5、半个月亮:   从T形状开始,右手的指尖触摸在地板上(如果你不能触到地板,可以垫些物品如书本等),转移重量到右手和右腿。左脚离开地板,旋转左边的肩膀,臀部和左腿与地面保持平行,为了更好地保持平衡,抬头向上看,保持5次呼吸的时间。到结束的时候,向前转动躯干和臀部,还原为山的姿势。 6、三角形:    从山的姿势开始,右脚向后迈2脚,向右转脚和腿外侧成90度,左脚向前,以腿为圆心,臀部向前转,右脚跟与左脚背成一条直线。手臂抬高,手心向下。使腿伸直(如果做不到,膝盖可以弯屈90度),躯干和手臂拉长,吸气。另一只手放在胫骨、脚关节或地板上,坚持左臂和右臂在一条直线上。抬头向上看,保持5次呼吸时间。恢复原位,再开始另一居家六式瑜珈瘦身操居家六式瑜珈瘦身操我们在这里介绍的是瑜珈的6个经典动作,平时在家里的地板上练一练,可以帮助你消除压力,保持一颗平静的心,让你更加灵活,平衡更好,也是保持瘦身的秘密武器。
1、树姿势:  双脚并拢,以山的姿势开始,脚趾充分张开伸长,用你的前面大腿肌肉来带动在膝关节附近的肌肉。伸直你的脊骨,挺起胸和肩膀。双手合十做一个祷告姿势,拇指贴近胸部,肘部弯屈接近身体。然后左脚抬起,紧紧地贴在右腿内侧(必要的时候可以使用你的手来帮忙),保持平衡,你右腿一定要保持直立的姿势,坚持5次呼吸的时间。如果你的灵活性和柔软性比较差的话,可以把左脚放到小腿或脚关节的位置,你仿佛就像一棵树一样,扎根在地球上,深深地呼吸。
2、新月状:   从树的姿势开始,左脚向后迈一大步,脚跟提起,腿伸直,弯屈你的右腿膝盖,前后成一条直线,手臂向上举,双手合拢,向下压肩膀和后背,保持5次的呼吸时间。    如果你认为瑜珈并不是真正的锻炼,那么来尝试一下这个动作!你的大腿会告诉你它的感觉的。
3、武士状:   从新月状开始,将左脚放平,脚趾转30度,腿部仍然伸直,臀部转90度。右脚跟与左脚背保持一条线,膝盖保持在90度,臀部、身体和肩膀放松,居中,双臂平伸,与肩同高,手心向下。使劲伸你的指尖,好像去触墙。眼睛集中在右手的中指上,保持5次呼吸的时间。
4、T形状:   从武士状姿势开始,把手放在臀部上,上身直着向前倾,抬起左脚,寻找平衡,然后上身完全向前,提起左腿直到身体和左腿平行。充分伸展左腿,从臀部到脚趾。保持臀部正直,脸朝向地板。双臂在身体两侧伸直,手心朝里面,保持5次呼吸的时间。如果这个动作对你来说难度太大,你在最初的时候可以把腿架在一把椅子上。
5、半个月亮:   从T形状开始,右手的指尖触摸在地板上(如果你不能触到地板,可以垫些物品如书本等),转移重量到右手和右腿。左脚离开地板,旋转左边的肩膀,臀部和左腿与地面保持平行,为了更好地保持平衡,抬头向上看,保持5次呼吸的时间。到结束的时候,向前转动躯干和臀部,还原为山的姿势。
6、三角形:    从山的姿势开始,右脚向后迈2脚,向右转脚和腿外侧成90度,左脚向前,以腿为圆心,臀部向前转,右脚跟与左脚背成一条直线。手臂抬高,手心向下。使腿伸直(如果做不到,膝盖可以弯屈90度),躯干和手臂拉长,吸气。另一只手放在胫骨、脚关节或地板上,坚持左臂和右臂在一条直线上。抬头向上看,保持5次呼吸时间。恢复原位,再开始另一侧。

星期五

让你轻松拥有水嫩的双唇

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
秋季护唇晚上你可偶尔轻轻地用一把干牙刷在嘴唇上移动,或用手指按摩唇部周围,这样可以刺激血液循环,收紧嘴部轮廓,防止肌肉松驰。
  热的蒸汽是秋季护唇对付嘴唇的角质翘皮的最好方法。用蒸汽毛巾再敷一遍可以把小翘皮和细小的皱纹干净的整理好。
  秋季护唇的天然保湿剂-蜂蜜:蜂蜜与皮肤的亲和力十分优秀,作为天然美容材料而广泛的被使用,其天然保湿成分十分适合于保护唇部。如果唇部感觉干燥时,将蜂蜜轻薄的涂在嘴唇上,这也是秋季护理嘴唇的一个好方法。
秋季护唇要多喝水,多吃维生素A、维生素B、维生素C等,可改善唇色暗沉。选择有隔离效果的唇膏,是秋季护唇有必要做的。
秋季护唇卸妆时选用唇部专用卸妆品,卸眼妆的卸妆品可同时卸唇妆,但卸唇妆的不可卸眼妆。
秋季护唇可以敷保湿唇膜,善用护唇膏,可轻轻按摩,促进血液循环。   秋季唇部干燥脱皮时,可在化唇部彩妆前先以具修护功能的唇部修护霜打底。油性护唇膏滋润度较佳,却容易使口红晕开,所以上口红前应尽量避免使用。如干燥现象并不严重,可直接使用滋润性较高的油质口红。
秋季防止唇部干燥脱皮最简单又省钱的方法就是涂些凡士林,也可将沾湿了保湿化妆水或保湿液的化妆棉贴在唇部10分钟,就是方便的自制唇膜。如果没有用唇部专的护理品,用眼部产品来代替效果也是不错的,因为眼角的皮肤和嘴角一样十分柔软、敏感,所以眼部产品也会无刺激供给唇部水分和营养。用手指轻轻拍打,边涂抹边按摩。
秋季要定期去除唇部死皮,最好是一星期一次,然后涂上护理品。唇部水分的流失也会造成唇色暗沉及直条细纹,所以秋季护唇要记得避免舔唇的小动作。

星期四

消灭水桶腰

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
时下很多女性被粗腰、水桶腰等问题困扰,其实只要运动、饮食、瘦身产品三管齐下清肠瘦腹,性感小蛮腰就离我们不远了。
  不少女士虽看来身形匀称,却见腰缠人肉水泡、小肚腩凸现,穿什么也没美感可言,因此,纤腰收腹行动已迫在眉睫。家居运动、瘦身产品配合减肥餐单,三管齐下,决心赶走肚腩,展露性感小蛮腰吧!
  瘦腰收腹家居体操
  每日在家花三十分钟做健体操,能消除腹部的多余脂肪,塑造玲珑的腰肢线条。动作简单,持之以恒的话,你也可以是个迷人的“小妖精”。
  活化肠道消除肚腩
  肚腩除了是因体内过剩脂肪积聚而成外,便秘亦是一大元凶。而便秘是因运动、吸收纤维及水分不足,肠道蠕动缓慢造成,做多些活化肠道的运动,多吃高纤食物如紫菜、海带、芝麻、红萝卜及橙等,还要每天喝大量水,特别是矿泉水,皆有助刺激肠道运作。
  隐形束衣
  Lierac的Body Lift 10 Ventre魔力纤腹紧肤精华含独有纤腹成分Toniskin 10%及紧肤配方,能深入真皮及表皮间的基底膜,形成「束带」系统,收紧腹部赘肉,同时分解腹部聚积的脂肪,使用一个月可令小腹平坦,肤质柔润。涂后感到有点像穿了束衣的绷紧感觉;质地几爽,朝早涂用都不会有凉的感觉。
  腰脂克星
  Orlane B21 SOS纤腰紧腹霜主要针对减少腹部腰间赘肉的形成及加速燃烧脂肪,而且可排走积聚于表皮层的多余水分和毒素,防止肌肤的胶原蛋白流失,令腰肌更富弹力,更具线条美。想收腹效果更佳,涂时配合顺时针打圈手势按摩,可加快产品的渗透力。
  清肠瘦腹餐单
  早餐:水果2个(可选西柚、苹果、奇异果或雪梨)
  午餐:新鲜红萝卜汁、青菜沙律(少量酱汁)、西红柿青瓜全麦包三文治
  晚餐:椰菜汤、白鸡肉、任何一款蔬菜汁
  食用方法:每星期食用两天。由于此餐单缺乏蛋白质及维他命,不宜长期食用;而水果含高糖分容易致肥,所以需要控制食量,或选吃低糖类别的水果如奇异果。

星期一

如何快速瘦腿

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
腿粗的MM们应该都很烦恼该如何快速瘦腿吧?今天就来说说如何快速瘦腿 快速瘦腿方法:
1.扳足:两腿伸直,低头,身体向前弯。用双手扳足趾20次~30次。此法能练腰腿,增脚力。
2.干洗腿:用双手紧抱一侧大腿,稍用力从大腿根部逐渐向下推拿至足踝部,再从足踝部向上推拿十几遍,每日数次,这样能预防下肢静脉曲张、水肿、肌肉萎缩。
3.暖足:俗话说,“暖足凉脑”,暖足就是每晚要用热水泡脚,并经常保持双足温暖。这样能使全身血液畅通。
4.揉腿肚:将腿平伸在床上,用两手掌夹住腿肚,旋转揉动,每侧揉动20次~30次为1节,共做6节。这样能促进下肢肌肉中血液的回流,增强腿部肌肉力量。
5.轮蹬:坐在床边练双腿蹬夹动作或上下摆动。这样可强健下肢关节肌肉。
6.搓脚:双手掌搓热,然后用手掌搓脚心,各100次。具有防虚火、舒肝明目之功效,可以防治高血压、晕眩、耳鸣、失眠等症。
7.扭膝:两足平行并拢,屈膝微下蹲,双手放在膝盖上,顺时针揉动数十次,然后逆时针揉动数十次。此法能疏通血脉,治下肢乏力,膝关节疼痛。

星期六

电脑运行速度与内存关系

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
一台电脑好不好用,运行速度快不快,内存有着至关重要的作用。内存主要是用来临时存贮数据, 比如电脑中调用的数据,就需要从硬盘读出,发给内存,然后内存再发给CPU。 因此,内存也可以理解成是硬盘和CPU之间的缓存, 因为CPU中的ALU(虚拟寄存器)速度要比硬盘速度快的多. 所以需要用内存来给CPU和硬盘之间进行沟通。同样,光盘/软盘等所有外存贮器都是用内存来作桥梁的 举个例子 比如你复制了一些东西 在你没有粘贴或或粘贴后没有保存的状态下 这些数据都临时存放在内存中。电脑中所有运行的程序都需要经过内存来执行。
有人做了这样一个比喻:电脑就像是一个工厂, 硬盘是仓库,主板相当于这个工厂的布局。CPU(中央处理器)就是核心的加工场所,所有要加工的东西都要通过主板中的各个道路从硬盘运到这里加工(有的加工好了的东西又会被运回硬盘保存) 如果让所有要加工的东西在仓库(硬盘)和加工场所(CPU)之间直接运来运去,不单很麻烦,而且速度慢,为了解决这个问题。在加工场所(CPU)旁边设置了一个临时存放东西场所,这个临时场所取名为内存,它就是电脑中的内存条。加工场所(CPU)要加工的所有东西,首先从仓库(硬盘)里拿出来运到“内存”的地方存放着, 这样CPU要加工的时候,可以不直接从仓库(硬盘)拿,而是从旁边(内存)拿过来加工就行了,加工好了之后,再把东西运回仓库(硬盘)里放着。这样可大大的提高了电脑的运行速度——所以内存与硬盘一样,也是一个存放东西的场所,但它与硬盘又有点不同,它的特点是:存放东西是临时性的。当这个加工场所停工时(电脑关机),这个地方就会被清空——所有存放在里面的东西自动消失,而硬盘在电脑关机以后,存放在里面的所有东西是不会丢失的。这是内存与硬盘不同之处。电脑中的内存条是物理内存。
由此可以理解。如果一台电脑物理内存大,它存放的东西就多,电脑运行起来就快,反之就慢,如果执行的程序很大或很多,特别是在玩一些大游戏。当内存太小,就会导致内存消耗殆尽。表现出来的现像就是死机或卡壳。为了解决这个问题,Windows中运用了虚拟内存技术,即拿出一部分硬盘空间来充当内存使用,当物理内存占用完时,电脑就会自动调用硬盘来充当内存,以缓解物理内存的紧张。举一个例子来说,如果电脑只有128MB物理内存的话,当读取一个容量为200MB的文件时,就必须要用到比较大的虚拟内存,文件被内存读取之后就会先储存到虚拟内存中,等待内存把这个文件全部储存到虚拟内存之后,跟着就会把虚拟内里储存的文件释放到原来的安装目录里了。
虚拟内存大小是人为设置的。设置多大要根据磁盘空间大小而定,一般建议将它设置为物理内存最小值的2到3倍。这样我们就可以将虚拟内存打造得更精准,使自己的爱机运行得更加流畅、更具效率了。
需要了解的是:由於虚拟内存是从硬盘里划分出一定空间,当物理内存不足时才会启用,而硬盘的传输速度不如物理内存。也就是说虚拟内存传输速度不如物理内存。早期电脑物理内存一般都比较小,因此,电脑运行速度往往很慢,有的机子根本无法玩较大型的游戏,这时就需要再加内存条,在使用内存条时,有几点要注意:
1.尽量用单条。 比如你要1G的内存,那你最好弄一条1G的而不是弄两条512的。原因是用两根内存条有时候可能会出现不兼容的问题。
2。如果必须要插两根内存的时候(比如要插两根1G的)那选取的原则是:a,优先使用两根完全相同的内存条 b,优先使用同一厂家同一产品,c,优先使用同规格产品,
这里并不是说所有的机子只要加了内存条电脑运行速度就会大大提高,实际上电脑运行速度的快慢除了与内存条有关外,还与电脑的各种硬件配置有关,特别是与电脑的CPU(中央处理器)和主板配置有关。在加内存条时一定要注意这点。

星期五

瘦腿的方法

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
坐着提腿瘦腿法:自然的坐姿下,把双腿平放90度角,提起脚跟保持十数秒,再放下,重覆动作到小腿有感到疲倦为止。 这动作能收紧臀部与大腿,使肌肉有弹性,而不会令臀部与大腿、小腿变粗。
坐着直腿、提脚跟法:先把身体挺直坐着,两手扶着椅子两旁,提起双腿并伸直脚尖,同时收紧腹部肌肉,慢慢勾起脚尖、放下。这个动作能有效收紧小腿、大腿、臂位及腹部肌肉。 其实想瘦小腿,先要检查自己小腿的肌肉是松弛还是绷紧。若是肌肉绷紧的话,要瘦就会比较困难。所以首要的减小腿计划,要由打松结实的小腿肥肉开始。
站立提腿瘦腿法: 双手扶在桌边用来辅助身体的平衡,双腿要尽量自然站立,提脚跟,保持三秒,再放下,每天做5至6次就能收紧小腿,令肌肉线条更美,有弹性。方法1 平日可坐在地上,将一只脚抬高成直角,以拳头拍打小腿,每边可做5分钟。 方法2 当假日时,不妨利用市面上的浴盐放入浴缸中,让小腿浸泡一段时间,就可以将肌肉松弛。浸浴完毕后也要在小腿进行拍打的动作,加速血液循环。
步骤二:加强消脂收紧运动
当小腿开始松软下来(或天生小腿松弛的),下一轮的减肥工作,便是加强消脂收紧效果,每日可以做些 减肥瘦身运动。
运动(1)
1.脚的前端置于高起的平台上,脚尽量往下压。  2.然后小腿用力向上踮起,令整个人提高。  有节奏地重复这套动作,做20-30次,尽量使劲踮起、下压,做到有点酸痛效果更好。可以一只手扶支撑物上,以保持平衡。
运动(2)
 1.躺在地上,脚向上伸直与身呈90度,以一条长形毛巾跨过脚背,两手伸直,脚尖踮高2.两手用力将毛巾压下,脚掌也同时压下,保持手部与脚部伸直。  重复这套动作40次,便能收紧小腿,令线条更修长。
上楼梯的时候抬脚跟,用腿部来承担身体的体重,可以消除臀部和大腿内侧的赘肉。坐椅子将两小腿用力的盖在一起,从一数到8后,交换两腿,反复的这样,可以锻炼小腿的线条。坐在椅子上看电视的时候,膝不要弯曲,可以将一条腿抬起再放下,反复这个动作,再换另外的一条腿,可以去掉大腿两侧赘肉。散步走路要加快速度,要尽量的把步子迈得大一点,这样腿上的肌肉都能得到锻炼。走路应该充满活力的走路,这样的走路方式,平时就应该养成习惯。

星期二

眼睛的不同化妆技巧

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com
爱美的美眉都很清楚,眼睛的化妆非常重要,化妆得当可起到“画龙点睛”的效果。
  下面让我们一起来看看各类眼睛的不同化妆技巧:
  单眼皮小眼睛用浅棕色或红棕色涂上眼睑;用暗灰色眼影作强调色在双眼睑处晕染,至眼尾处略微向外延伸并稍向上挑起。上眼线要细长,下眼线不可全画,只要从瞳仁下画至眼尾即可,上下眼线不要相交。
  深眼窝其优点是整洁舒展,缺点是年轻时显“大人相”,年老时显憔悴。要用浅色、明亮的眼影粉打底,减缓眼睛深陷感。用棕色或黑色眼线笔沿下眼睑画出眼线,然后在上眼睑折褶处窄窄地抹上一层神色眼线。
  垂眼角方法之一是在内眼角用棕色眼影粉抹入上下眼睑,在眼尾则用灰色眼影粉作晕状抹开,上眼睑的眼影涂至眼尾处即打住。内眼角加眼线,下眼线向外眼角挑起,眼线要轻。方法二是在内眼角处加棕色眼影,在眼睑外眼角处画出眼影和眼线,睫毛用胶质睫毛油使之拉长。
  大眼睛眼影用褐色或棕色。双眼睑处眼影要配合服装颜色。眼线用黑色,要细,在眼角、眼尾处相交。这样化妆显得深邃、有魅力。
  两眼距离太远根据黄金分割,两眼间的距离应该再容下一只眼睛的长度,超过了则显单调。首先应使眉毛与鼻子位置平衡,即:眉头在眼角的垂直线上,眉梢、眼尾、鼻翼三点成一线。然后在鼻梁的两侧施淡淡的棕色阴影,眼影粉应从眉头处施入,施粉后晕开,不能留下边缘线。
  两眼距离太近在眉头用眉钳多拔掉些眉毛,来扩大眼间距离。眼影粉的主调用柔和的暗色,从上眼睑1/3处开始,在内眼角至1/3处抹上一些明亮的浅色眼影。两种眼影粉一定要晕开,不要留下分界线。画眼线时,上眼线从瞳仁画至眼尾,下眼线与之相同。上睫毛油时,靠近眼角处的睫毛要加浓。
  总之,眼睛化妆要因人而异,要记住浅色眼影可制造距离宽、突起等视觉效果;深色眼影可制造低陷、空间狭窄的感觉。

星期三

红木

来源:http://3wwww.blogspot.com/
简介  家具用材。为热带地区所产,豆科,紫檀属(pterocarpus)的木材。多产于东南亚一带,我国广东、云南有引种栽培。木材心边材区别显明,边材狭,灰白色;心材淡黄红色至赤色,曝露于空气中时久变为紫红色。木材花纹美观,材质坚硬,耐久,为贵重家具及工艺美术品等用材。海南檀、格木亦属此类。红木为热带地区豆科檀属木材,主要产于印度, 我国广东、 云南及南洋群岛也有出产,是常见的名贵硬木。"红木"是江浙及北方流行的名称,广东一带俗称"酸枝木"。
材料学上的红木 
 所谓“红木”,从一开始,就不是某一特定树种的家具,而是明清以来对稀有硬木优质家具的统称。
  黄花梨:为我国特有珍稀树种。木材有光泽,具辛辣滋味;文理斜而交错,结构细而匀,耐腐。耐久性强、材质硬重、强度高。
  紫檀:产于亚热带地区,如印度等东南亚地区。我国云南、两广等地有少量出产。木材有光泽,具有香气,久露空气后变紫红褐色,文理交错,结构致密、耐腐、耐久性强、材质硬重细腻。
  花梨木:分布于全球热带地区,主要产地东南亚及南美、非洲。我国海南、云南及两广地区已有引种栽培。材色较均匀,由浅黄至暗红褐色,可见深色条纹,有光泽,具轻微或显著轻香气,纹理交错、结构细而匀(南美、非洲略粗)耐磨、耐久强、硬重、强度高,通常浮于水。东南亚产的花梨木中是泰国最优,缅甸次之。
  酸枝木:热带、亚热带地区,主要产地为东南亚国家。木材材色不均匀,心材橙色,浅红褐色至黑褐色,深色条文明显。木材有光泽,具酸味或酸香味,文理斜而交错,密度高、含油腻,坚硬耐磨。
  鸡翅木:分布于全球亚热带地区,主要产地东南亚和南美,因为有类似“鸡翅”的纹理而得名。纹理交错、不清晰,颜色突兀,木材本无香气,生长年轮不明显。
  综上所述:“红木”家具的特点为:
  优点:
  1)颜色较深,多体现出古香古色的风格,用于传统家具。
  2)木质较重,给人感觉质量不错。
  3)一般木材本身都有自身所散发出的香味,尤其是檀木。
  4)材质较硬,强度高,耐磨,耐久性好。
  缺点:
  1)因为产量较少,所以很难有优质树种,质量参差不齐。
  2)纹路与年轮不清晰,视觉效果不够清新。
  3)材质较重,不容易搬运。
  4)材质较硬,加工难度高,而且容易出现开裂的现象。
  5)材质比较油腻,高温下容易返油。
红木分类 
 根据国家标准,“红木‘的范围确定为5属8类。5属是以树木学的属来命名的,即紫檀属、黄檀属、柿属、崖豆属及铁刀木属。8类则是以木材的商品名来命名的,即紫檀木类、花梨木类、香枝木类、黑酸枝类、红酸枝木类、乌木类、条纹乌木类和鸡翅木类。同时,红木是指这5属8类木料的心材,心材是指树木的中心、无生活细胞的部分。除此之外的木材制作的家具都不能称为红木家具。
生活中的红木 
 在媒体上时常会看到不法厂商用新红木充当老红木蒙骗消费者的报道,很多消费者都会发问:红木就是红木,还有什么新老之说?其实,红木不仅有新老之分,而且新老红木价值相差悬殊,在使用中也会发现品质差距也是相 当大的。那么,什么是老红木?新老红木又有那些差别呢?
什么是老红木
  “红木”一开始与某一树种没有多大关系,只是明清以来对在一定时期内出现的呈红色的优质硬木的统称,用材包括花梨木、酸枝木、紫檀木,它们不同程度呈现黄红色或紫红色。人们无意去辨别它们是什么树种时,便以一种约定俗成的习惯去称呼它们为红木。赵氏《古玩指南》一书中则强调红木为专门的树种,书中二十九章曰:“唯世俗所谓红木者,乃系木之一种专名词,非指红色木言也”即可证明,书中的木之一种,指得就是老红木。老红木产于中南半岛,我国云南一带也有生长,其叶长椭圆形、白花、花呈五瓣形,色红。“木质之佳,除紫檀外,当以红木为最”,这是书中对老红木的评价。
  老红木与红酸枝也不能混为一谈。红酸枝泛指一大类木材,其包括交趾黄檀、奥氏黄檀和巴里黄檀等等十几种木材。老红木只是红酸枝木类的一种,即交趾黄檀。虽然同归为黄檀属类,但老红木色泽紫红,清晰富于变化的纹理和细密的结构是同类红酸枝木无法与之比较的。
  用老红木制作家俱的后道工序采用紫檀一样的做法—擦蜡,千万不能使用普通红酸枝类木材的做法—用漆。因为老红木饱含蜡质,只需打磨擦蜡,即可平整润滑,光泽耐久,给人一种淳厚的含蓄美。如果采用现代的擦漆工艺,恰恰掩盖了其木质的优良本性。且老红木用漆来处理,容易给一些厂家将其它红酸枝类木材掺杂其中,为其浑水摸鱼提供便利。
  正因为老红木的许多性能,如富含蜡质、紫红色泽,近似于紫檀。因此老红木和黄花梨、紫檀并列为明清时期宫廷的三种专用木材。
老红木和其它红木的区别 
 老红木,顾名思义就是经历时间很长的红木,《国标》中称为酸枝,主要产于老挝、泰国等东南亚国家。我国在清末民初之前,广西、云南等省也有,但民国以后已完全绝迹了。其木质坚硬、细腻,可沉于水,一般要生长500年以上才能使用,它区别于其他木材的最明显之处在于其木纹在深红色中常常夹有深褐色或者黑色条纹,给人以古色古香的感觉。
  老红木不仅生长时间长,而且在砍伐后又经过了上百年的岁月洗涤。现在说的老红木一般指清代中期从南洋进口的红木,老红木材幅较宽大,棕眼细长,比重介于紫檀和黄花梨之间。
  新、老红木的材质颜色比较
  在色彩上,老红木颜色较深,大多呈紫红色,有的色彩近似紫檀,只是颜色较浅一些,纹理细腻,棕眼明显少于新酸枝木,密度、手感极佳。新红木一般颜色黄赤,木纹、色彩较之老红木有一种“嫩”的感觉,质地、手感均不如老红木。
  为什么会有如此大的差别呢?原来,木材的生命并不是因为被砍伐而终止,其内部细微结构无时无刻不在发生着变化,只是人们很难察觉而已。随着时光的推移,红木内部的结构会越来越紧密,硬度和比重越来越高,入水即沉,而且抗变形能力也愈强。
  而新红木一般采用烘烤等方式令其达到使用要求,但人为的技术性的处理并不能动摇材料的内部结构,在长期的使用过程中,往往会产生细微的形变,从而影响收藏价值和品质。
  近些年来,还有所谓巴西红木、泰国红木、缅甸红木、老挝花梨、越南花梨等等。由于红木家具的用材有这许多种不同的名称和类别,因此一般谓之红木的家具在用材上体现的品质和价值也有着很大的差异和区别。故而,无论是对以前流传下来的红木家具作鉴赏或收藏,还是对现代红木家具进行选购,均需首先正确识别家具采用是什么材质的红木。一、酸枝(老红木)酸枝即孙枝,又名紫榆。酸枝是清代红木家具主要的原料。用酸枝制作的家具,即使几百年后,只要稍加揩漆润泽,依旧焕然若新。可见酸枝木质之优良,早为世人瞩目。酸枝是热带常绿大乔木,产地主要有印度、越南、泰国、老挝、缅甸等东南亚国家,原先在我国福建、广东、云南等地也有出产。酸枝木色有深红色和浅红色两种,一般,有油脂的质量上乘,结构细密,性坚质重,可沉于水。特别明显之处是在深红色中还常常夹有深褐色或黑色的条纹,纹理既清晰又富有变化。酸枝家具经打磨髹漆,平整润滑,光泽耐久,给人一种淳厚含蓄的美。酸枝北方称红木,江浙地区称老红木,故酸枝家具除广东地区外几乎都称红木家具或老红木家具。清代的红木家具很多是酸枝家具,即老红木家具。尤其是清代中期,不仅数量多,而且木材质量比较好,制造工艺也多精美。在现代人的观念中,它是真正的红木家具。二、花梨木花梨又称花榈。史籍记载至少可分两种,一种是明中叶王佐《新增格古要论》中所讲的出南番、广东,紫红色,与降真香相似,亦有香,其花有鬼面者的花梨木,即《琼州府志》物产木类中所称的花梨木,红紫色,与降真香相似,有微香……的花梨,也就是被今人叫做黄花梨的花梨木,还曾有过海南檀等名称。这显然已不在红木的观念范围。据多方面材料介绍,黄花梨主要产于我国的海南岛和南海诸地,数量并不很多,是明式家具最主要的用材之一。另外一种则是北方称为老花梨,实则是新花梨的花梨木,这种花梨木台湾就称红木。它是一种高干乔木,高可达30米以上,直径也可达1米左右,在热带和亚热带地区如泰国、缅甸和南洋群岛等地均有出产。过去在我国海南和广东、广西地区也有相当数量的花梨木。这种花梨木在《博物要览》中记载说叶如梨而无实,木色红紫,而肌理细腻,可做器具,桌、椅、文房诸器。陈氏《分类学》中也说花梨木为红豆树属,高可达一丈八尺至三丈……浙江及福建、广东、云南均有之。闽省泉、漳尤多野生……木材坚重美丽,为上等家具用材。清代不少红木家具实质是这些花梨木制造的。现代从海外进口的花梨木大多也是这类品种,已成为红木家具最主要的用材。但据明代黄省曾《西洋朝贡典录》中的记载,早就认为花梨木有两种,一为花榈木,乔木,产于我国南方各地;一为海南檀,落叶乔木,产于南海诸地,二者均可作高级家具。南檀即黄花梨,故明代除黄花梨家具以外,应当也早有明代花梨木家具,即今天我们所称的红木家具。在这里,我们不能不提出这样一个问题明代若有上述两种花梨木和花梨木家具,为什么除黄花梨家具以外,几乎未见有花梨木家具的介绍?清代除红木家具以外,也极少专门介绍花梨木家具。如果说是因为混淆了用材品种的识别,花梨木家具在明代已确有生产,又有遗物传世的话,那么,今天我们对红木家具这一文化现象的认识过程,将会具有更深刻的意义。三、香红木(新红木) 花梨木的一种,北方称新红木。色泽比一般花梨木红,但较酸枝浅,重量也不如酸枝,不沉水。纹理粗直,少髓线,木质纯,观感好。20世纪六十年代大批进口,当时常用来制作出口家具。四、红豆木(红木)红豆木系豆科,古时也称相思树,王维诗去红豆生南国,春来发几枝。愿君多采撷,此物最相思。古时,红豆木主要生长于中国广西、江苏和中部地区,木材坚重,呈红色,花纹自然美丽§豆木家具见于清朝雍正年所制家具的有关档案材料,有紫檀木牙红豆木案二张,红豆木转木桌、红豆木条桌、红豆木袖床各一张,红豆木矮宝座二张。朱家先生注明红豆木即红木。1982年我在浙东地区进行明清家具考察,发现过一件小书桌,似红木,但物主却告诉说小桌系祖传,是用红豆木做的。可见在民间流传的红木家具中,还有红豆木制五、巴西红木巴西红木因产于巴西,材色又为红色或红紫色而名。我国用它来制造家具只是在于20世纪70年代以后。巴西红木的品种较多,其中有巴西一号木,深色心材,结构均与花梨木同,且比花梨木略硬,但性燥易裂,尚浮于水;巴西三号木,结构细密,心材为紫色,材重质硬,强度大,能沉于水;三号木与老红木有时相似,但做成家具后,容易变形开裂。六、其他品种的红木近年来,根据产地不同,有所谓泰国红木、缅甸红木、老挝红木等各种新的名称。所谓泰国红木,其实就是香红木或花梨木;缅甸红木简称缅甸红 ,广东地区称缅甸花梨;老挝红木广东地区称老挝花梨。这些品种多以产地命名,尤其是后者,常常树种混杂,质地差别很大,其最明显的特征是色泽呈灰黄和浅灰白色,质地松,重量轻,其中有些已无法与红木相提并论,也说不上属优质硬木,更不能归属于贵重木材。自古以来,有关木质材料优劣的判断和识别,惯以木材的大小和曲直,木质的硬度和重量,木色的品相和纹理,木性的坚韧和细密,纤维的粗细或松紧以及是否防腐、防蛀,有列香味等为标准,因此,人们在长期的实践中,对各种木材已有相当的认识和了解,古籍中关于讼木的经典,现代著述的科学介绍,都为我们识别家具用材提供了许多宝贵的依据。我们在鉴别红木家具的木材时,可以运用各方面的知识和经验。酸枝与花梨木是传统红木家具的两大主要用材,它们好似制造红木家具的一对孪生姐妹。许多纹理交织、条纹清晰美丽的花梨木,虽与黄花梨有差别,但构造与酸枝十分相近,若对两者作更深入比较的话,可进一步从木质肌理的变化中加以判别。一般来说,酸枝肌理的变化清而显,花梨木肌理的变化稍文且平。肌理是物质通过视觉或触觉等使人产生的一种审美感受,它常常可以帮助人们确切地了解物体的本质属性。因此,从木材材质的肌理中去获得某些特殊的直感,往往可以更直接地认识和区别它们的差异。
  哪些红木家具升值快
  在目前市场上能够买到的红木品种中,红酸枝和老酸枝家具最俱升值潜力。因为:一、红酸枝和老酸枝家具的背景、历史和制作工艺的不同,其展现出的艺术品质也独具特色;二、是珍稀度,应是“富贵而不俗,华丽而不滥,端庄而不呆”;三、年代也是一项重要指标,年代越早越值钱;四、乾隆时期的红木精品也值得关注;五、红木家具的科研价值和市场认知度。判断红木家具的价值,要看它的科研价值和市场认知度。其中的科研价值是指家具在家具史上、家具流派上和家具工艺上的学术价值。科研价值越高,收藏价值和投资潜力也就越高。
  要值钱还要好工艺,工艺好还要会炒作。
  材质看好红酸枝,现在价格不高,紫黄价格在高位!
  从材质讲,紫黄家具升值潜力应大一些;稍次红酸枝材料等,也应根据紫黄每年进口量、存货量与其他红材质对比,找出之间合理的对应比价关系。
  物以稀为贵,红木家具家族庞大,如果从材料、式样上区分,就能划分出许多种类。其中,产量越稀少、材质越珍贵的家具越受青睐;二是复古家具。目前市场上的仿古红木家具以明清式家具为主,在简约风潮的影响下,近两年线条简洁的明式红木家具显然更受追捧。除此之外,仍将有一批工艺精湛的新款仿古清式家具推向市场,这类仿古清式家具将走更加大气的设计路线,主要针对大面积的别墅、豪宅客户;三是古今结合的红木家具。一味仿古,就没有创新。因此,一些融合古典与现代风格的新式仿古红木家具也逐渐升温。如某著名红木品牌等软体红木家具等。